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Jim Bridger

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Jim Bridger
Bridger c. 1876
Born
James Felix Bridger

(1804-03-17)March 17, 1804
Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
DiedJuly 17, 1881(1881-07-17) (aged 77)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Other namesCasapy [Blanket Chief - from the Crow Tribe), Gabe
Occupation(s)Frontiersman, explorer, hunter, trapper, scout, guide
Employer(s)Rocky Mountain Fur Company, U.S. Government
Known forFamous mountain man of the American fur trade era
Spouse(s)Three Native American wives: one Flathead and two Shoshone
Children5
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1859–1868
RankScout
Unit
CommandsRifleman
Battles / warsRaynolds Expedition, Utah War, Indian Wars

James Felix Bridger (March 17, 1804 – July 17, 1881) was an American mountain man, trapper, Army scout, and wilderness guide who explored and trapped in the Western United States in the first half of the 19th century. He was known as Old Gabe in his later years.[1][2] He was from the Bridger family of Virginia, English settlers who had arrived in North America in the early colonial period.[3]

Bridger was of the second generation of American mountain men and pathfinders who followed the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806. He participated in early expeditions into the west and mediated between Native American tribes and westward-migrating European-American settlers. By the end of his life, he had become the foremost explorer and frontiersmen in the American Old West. He had conversational knowledge of French, Spanish, and several indigenous languages; his photographic memory allowed him to map most of the Rocky Mountains from memory.

He was described as "at least six feet tall, straight as an Indian, muscular and quick in movement, but not nervous or excitable; in weight probably 160 pounds; with an eye piercing as the eye of an eagle that seemed to flash fire when narrating an experience."[4] His strong constitution allowed him to survive the extreme conditions in the Rocky Mountains from Canadian border to what would become southern Colorado.

Early life

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James Felix Bridger was born on March 17, 1804, in Richmond, Virginia.[5] His parents were James Bridger, an innkeeper in Richmond, and his wife, Chloe.[5] About 1812, the family moved near St. Louis.[5] At age 13, Bridger was orphaned; he had no formal education, was unable to read or write, and was apprenticed to a blacksmith.[5] Despite eventually speaking at least seven languages, he remained illiterate.[5] On March 20, 1822, at age 18, he left his apprenticeship, responding to an advertisement in St. Louis newspaper the Missouri Republican, and joined General William Henry Ashley's fur trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River. The party included Jedediah Smith and many others who later became known as mountain men.[5]

Career

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In 1830, Bridger and several associates purchased a fur company from Smith and others, which they named the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.[6][7] After dissolving that partnership, Bridger explored the continental interior between the Canada–U.S. border and the southern boundary of Colorado, and from the Missouri River westward to Idaho and Utah, either as a guide or a partner in the fur trade.[5]

Hugh Glass ordeal

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”Bridges” volunteered to stay with the dying Hugh Glass after he was mauled by a grizzly bear in 1823.

The bear attack and subsequent desertion of Hugh Glass[8] occurred while Bridger was employed by Ashley at the time near the forks of the Grand River in present-day Perkins County, South Dakota. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave. Claiming they were interrupted by an Arikara attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died.[8] No direct witness ties Bridger to the incident, and when asked by a historian later in his life, he denied involvement.

Yellowstone and the Great Salt Lake

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Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone
Great Salt Lake

Bridger was among the first non-indigenous people to explore the Yellowstone region. In the fall of 1824, Bridger was the first person of European descent to explore the Great Salt Lake region, reaching it by bull boat.[9][10] He was the first recorded non-indigenous person to explore Yellowstone's springs and geysers. He shared that a creek south of Yellowstone Lake formed a Parting of the Waters, with one side going to the Pacific Ocean and the other side to the Atlantic Ocean. Bridger took a raft on the rapids at the Big Horn River; he was the only man known to have done this and lived.[2]

Guide and adviser

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In 1843, Bridger and Louis Vasquez established Fort Bridger on the Blacks Fork of the Green River along the Oregon Trail, in what is now Wyoming.[11]

Bridger had explored, trapped, hunted, and blazed new trails in the West since 1822 and later worked as a wilderness guide. He could reportedly assess any wagon train or group, their interests in travel, and give them expert advice on heading West.

In 1846, the Donner Party came to Fort Bridger and were assured by Bridger and Vasquez that Lansford Hastings' proposed shortcut ahead was "a fine, level road, with plenty of water and grass, with the exception before stated (a forty-mile waterless stretch)". The 40-mile stretch was in fact 80 miles, and the "fine level road" slowed the Donner Party, who became trapped and died in the Sierra Nevada.[12]

From 16 July 1857 until July 1858, Bridger was employed as a guide during the Utah War. In 1859, Bridger was the chief guide on the Yellowstone-bound Raynolds Expedition, led by Captain William F. Raynolds.[13] Though deep snow prevented them from reaching Yellowstone, the expedition explored Jackson Hole and Pierre's Hole. In 1861, Bridger was a guide for Edward L. Berthoud. From October 1863 until April 1864, Bridger was employed as a guide at Fort Laramie.[14]

Bridger served as a scout under Colonel Henry B. Carrington during Red Cloud's War. Bridger was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny during the Fetterman Fight, and the Wagon Box Fight. Bridger was discharged on 21 July 1868.[15]

Suffering from goiter and rheumatism, Bridger returned to Missouri in 1868. He was unsuccessful in collecting back rent from the government for the lease on Fort Bridger. By 1875, he was blind.[16]

Bridger Pass and the Bridger Trail

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Bridger's Pass

In 1850, while guiding the Stansbury Expedition on its return from Utah, Bridger discovered what became known as Bridger Pass, an alternate overland route that bypassed South Pass and shortened the Oregon Trail by 61 miles. Bridger Pass, in what became south-central Wyoming, later became the chosen route across the Continental Divide, for the Overland Stage, Pony Express, the Union Pacific Railroad Overland Route, and Interstate 80.[17][18]

In 1864, Bridger blazed the Bridger Trail, an alternative route from Wyoming to the gold fields of Montana that avoided the dangerous Bozeman Trail. In 1865, he served as Chief of Scouts during the Powder River Expedition.[19]

Family and death

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In 1835, Bridger married a woman from the Flathead tribe, whom he named "Emma",[20] with whom he had three children. After she died in 1846 from fever,[21] he married the daughter of a Shoshone chief, who died in childbirth three years later. In 1850, he married Shoshone Chief Washakie's daughter Mary Washakie Bridger[22] with whom he raised two children. Some of his children went back east to be educated. His firstborn Mary Ann was captured by a band of Cayuse during the Whitman Massacre and died soon after she was released. His son Felix, who fought with the Missouri Artillery, died of sickness on Bridger's farm. His daughter Josephine, who married Jim Baker, also died, leaving his daughter Virginia as his only surviving child.[23] In 1867, while in his early sixties, his eyesight began failing to the point where "he could not shoot very good".[24] By the early 1870s, he was living under Virginia's care and could no longer recognize people unless they spoke. Jim Bridger was blind by 1875.[25]

Bridger died on his farm near Kansas City, Missouri, on July 17, 1881, at age 77.[26]

Legacy

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Jim Bridger (right) honored along with Pony Express founder Alexander Majors (left) and Kansas City founder John Calvin McCoy at Pioneer Square in Westport in Kansas City

Bridger is remembered as one of the most colorful and widely traveled mountain men. In addition to his explorations and his service as a guide and adviser, he was known for his storytelling. His stories about the geysers at Yellowstone, for example, proved to be accurate. Others were exaggerated and clearly intended to amuse: one of Bridger's stories involved a petrified forest in which there were "petrified birds" singing "petrified songs" (though he may have seen the petrified trees in the Tower Junction area of what is now Yellowstone National Park). Over the years, Bridger became so associated with tall tales that many stories invented by others were attributed to him. Supposedly one of Bridger's favorite yarns to weave to greenhorns told of his pursuit by one hundred Cheyenne warriors. After he was chased for several miles, Bridger found himself at the end of a box canyon, with the Indians bearing down on him. At this point, Bridger fell silent, prompting his listener to ask, "What happened then, Mr. Bridger?" Bridger would then reply, "They killed me."

Places and things named for Jim Bridger

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Sculpture of Bridger by David Alan Clark in Fort Bridger, Wyoming

Media portrayals

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References

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  1. ^ Alter (1925), p. 161.
  2. ^ a b Gard (1963).
  3. ^ Fischer (1989), pp. 633–639.
  4. ^ Vestal, Stanley (1946). "Chief of Scouts". Jim Bridger - Mountain Man. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 243.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Dale (1929).
  6. ^ Caesar (1961), pp. 104–105: Jedediah Smith, David Jackson, and William Sublette sold Smith, Jackson, and Sublette Co. to Tom Fitzpatrick, Milton Sublette (William's brother), Jim Bridger, Henry Fraeb, and John Baptiste Gervais.
  7. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 8, 13, 40, 68, 86, 103.
  8. ^ a b HughGlass.org (n.d.).
  9. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 64, 95, 108, 132.
  10. ^ Russell, Osborne (2001). Haines, Aubrey (ed.). Journal of a Trapper; In the Rocky Mountains between 1834 and 1843. Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 9781589760523.
  11. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 153.
  12. ^ Wallis (2017).
  13. ^ Baldwin, Kenneth H. (2005). "II – Terra Incognita: The Raynolds Expedition of 1860". Enchanted Enclosure:The Army Engineers and Yellowstone National Park. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1-4102-2180-3. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  14. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 199–206, 208, 215.
  15. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 246–295.
  16. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 297–300.
  17. ^ Vestal (1970), p. 167.
  18. ^ Stansbury, Howard (1852). "Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a Reconnoissance of a New Route Through the Rocky Mountains". Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co. p. 261. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  19. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 218–220.
  20. ^ Garst (1952), pp. 161–162.
  21. ^ Garst (1952), p. 195.
  22. ^ Jim Bridger's Wives. Interpretive sign in the Fort Bridger Historic Site Museum. Viewed and photographed on June 16, 2020. Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
  23. ^ Garst (1952), p. 229.
  24. ^ Vestal (1970), p. 292.
  25. ^ Vestal (1970), p. 297.
  26. ^ Vestal (1970), pp. 299–300.
  27. ^ Jim Bridger, September 23, 2015, retrieved April 26, 2022
  28. ^ Leydon, Joe (January 11, 2024). "C&I Q&A: Rib Hillis of The Tall Tales of Jim Bridger". Cowboys & Indians. Archived from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved September 24, 2024.

Sources

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Further reading

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